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These characteristics provided good resistance to chloride corrosion and restraint effects for strengthening the columns.
Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate pipe restraint effects on the applied moment as well as on COD to keep the constancy.
Axial restraints were applied to simulate the thermal restraint effects due to adjacent cooler parts of a steel framed structure in fire.
Fire induced spalling, various strain components, high temperature material properties, restraint effects, different fire scenarios and failure criteria are incorporated in the model.
The theory accommodates free shear stress conditions on the bonding surfaces, accounts for non-uniform deformation-dependent distributions of transverse shear stresses through the thickness, can be used for evaluating boundary restraint effects, and can be used for analyzing thin and thick plates with any boundary conditions.
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The restraint effect of the rails is also considered in this paper.
Moreover, ethanol is often used as the free radical collecting agent which exhibits a restraint effect on the polymerization reaction.
At the end of the forging stage, the restraint effect of the dies reached a maximum, which made the billet flow more difficultly.
However, when we increase the frequency and strength out of a certain range, this effect was reduced, or even represented a restraint effect when reached another higher range.
These results might be attributed to the restraint effect of CMC molecules to slow down the growth rate and crystallinity of CaCO3 crystals.
In addition, modelling uncertainties were defined to incorporate the lack of knowledge on the restraint effect caused by the neighbouring buildings.
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