Many examples mention the use of the dose of pepper spray intended for crowd control, known as an MK-9 canister, which the report said can "pose a serious risk of unnecessary harm when used on a restrained individual at point-blank range".
The refinement was performed using simulated annealing, energy minimization, restrained individual B factor and the addition of water molecules in the CNS program.
A criticism of multilevel selection theories is that unrestrained individuals will generate more progeny and have a selective advantage over restrained individuals (Kirkwood 2005).
For example, in the three published studies on food intake, the effects of response-inhibition training were moderated by individual differences in inhibitory control ability (Houben, 2011) or dietary restraint (Houben & Jansen, 2011; Veling et al., 2011), with stronger training effects observed in more impulsive or restrained individuals.
In this study, females were only immobilized IM when IV injection was impossible (due to this species' tendency to 'roll' when restrained), so individuals were physically handled and potentially agitated similar to those in the Phelan & Green study.
(B ) Ad libitum-fed mice also increased licking for Ensure in response to optogenetic photostimulation of AgRP neurons, even when head-restrained (Top: individual single-session examples from 5 separate mice; Bottom: mean ± SEM of lick rate from 5 mice).
It's a kind of triple whammy of hypocrisy: these are people who purportedly believe in restrained government spending, individual liberties, and getting government off our backs, yet without hesitation they will expand the reach of the state, gobble up public money, and violate individual privacy, so long as there is profit in it.
The structure was completed by iterative model building in Coot [48] and refinement in CNS [49] consisting of torsion angle molecular dynamics simulated annealing, and individual restrained thermal factor refinement.
Individual, restrained worker honeybees were trained using conditioning techniques described in Bitterman et al.
The subsequent refinement consisted of alternating rounds of positional minimization, individual restrained thermal factor refinement, both using the MLF maximum likelihood target function, and model building.
Negative effects from auditory masking, which describes the restrained communication of individuals due to other sound sources, are unlikely to be significant due to the low spectral overlap with echolocation signals of harbor porpoises (Gordon 2012; Tougaard et al. 2009a).
