In the accumulation to the aforementioned mechanisms, the soil structure interaction between the facing and the soil helps to restrain displacement, limit decompression during and after excavation, and produce nail head load at the connection between the nail and the facing necessary to develop the force along the nail.
Apical: all DOFs (degrees of freedom, i.e., displacements) restrained, Thread: only displacements normal to the surface are allowed, Crestal: natural boundary conditions, that is, force, are applied with an orientation of 15 degrees as described.
The boundary conditions applied match ISO 14801 test procedure, that is, Apical: all DOFs (degrees of freedom, i.e., displacements) restrained, Thread: only displacements normal to the surface are allowed, Crestal: natural boundary conditions, that is, force, are applied with an orientation of 15 degrees as described.
At the end of this study, a static model of a structure with hexahedral blocks having sides of 0.02 m, with full bonded layers and restrained horizontal displacements on the model sides, was implemented to evaluate the maximum tensile stress induced in a block when the load is applied at its centre.
The energy dissipation restrainer remains elastic and provides a reaction force to restrain the displacement of the girder during small earthquakes, maintaining the functionality of the bridges.
Thermal similarity restraints and vibrational restraints (which restrain given displacement parameters to be similar and obey the Hirshfeld test [10]) can similarly be simplified using SIMU and DELU between chemically identical groups.
What is more, as shown in Fig. 2a, the three pre-embedded steel plates at each end diaphragm were welded to the anchoring device to restrain longitudinal displacement (elongation and shortening).
What is more, three pieces of steel plates were pre-embedded in the concrete (the bidirectional steel bars in the end diaphragm were welded to the steel plate) on the two sides and the top of each end diaphragm to restrain longitudinal displacement (elongation and shortening) of the end cross section, which will be further stated in Sect.
In addition to facilitating weight bearing on the paretic limb, AFOs produced a significant effect on the control of the COP, with the E-AFO restraining the displacement of the COP to a greater extent than the P-AFO.
This effectiveness of AFOs in restraining the displacement of the COP is in agreement with results from the previous studies identifying positive effects of AFOs in stabilizing postural control.
