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Claims of facial invalidity often rest on speculation.
The generational dispute dividing the billionaire Pritzker family hit court Thursday, with lawyers for the family contending 18-year-old Liesel Pritzker's lawsuit claiming her trust fund was looted rested on "flimsy speculation".
In the opinion that is now before the Court, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a series of same-sex marriage bans, explaining that the states' marriage laws could rest on "rational speculation unsupported by evidence".
And hopes for a bidding war still rest solely on speculation; German steel giant ThyssenKrupp has ruled out joining in a battle for Corus, as has Russia's Severstal, which had been widely rumored to be preparing a counterbid.
It became the instrument of a political class resting on independent land-ownership that sought to defend itself against financial speculation and the advance of government patronage.
The typical assertion of taxpayer standing rests on unjustifiable economic and political speculation.
Today, Virgin Mobile has finally put months of rumors and speculation to rest — on June 29, the prepaid Sprint subsidiary will start selling Apple's iPhone 4 and 4S, joining Cricket as the second prepaid carrier to stock Apple's tiny mobile juggernaut.
The Super Bowl-esque reality show that the presidential campaign season has morphed into has already started: Chris Christie flamed out when the magnifying glass of national speculation came to rest on him, digging into the scandal he had as Governor, perhaps destroying his political career.
Each one of these assertions rests on little more than snippets of legislative history and policy speculations.
Other staffers actually followed the account, and when I met a former staffer who'd resigned last fall, he told me that for a long time, staffers wondered if the account were actually run by someone in their own office (I revealed my identity publicly in mid-November, putting to rest speculation on who was behind it).
This makes it hard to provide an substantial explanation that rests on previous empirical findings and goes beyond speculation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com