The reforms introduced under Thatcher have been seen as a crucial stage in the NHS's transition from what Rudolf Klein described as the 'church' model (characterized by paternalism, planning, need, and universalism), towards the 'garage' model (typified by consumerism, responsiveness, demand, and choice).
Hence, mutual responsiveness demands reflexivity and learning between actors with different interests, trust and interdependence, as well as commitment to jointly find long-term solutions to societal challenges (Flipse et al., 2014; Nielsen, 2016).
He described it thus: "And we may say generally:— the elasticity (or responsiveness) of demand in a market is great or small according as the amount demanded increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price".
This extreme variability results from the relatively low responsiveness of demand to changes in price i.e., from the fact that in order to increase sales by 5 percent it may be necessary to reduce the price by 15 percent.
Therefore, this suggests that more flexible pricing due to the implementation of a "real-time" pricing system would lead to higher degree of responsiveness in demand and, in turn, improved market efficiency.
To overcome the lack of volume information, information on prices and proxy estimates of price-cost mark-ups were used in conjunction with the general Ramsey formula to calculate the responsiveness of demand to product price.
Changes in food prices have impacts on the quantity and quality of food consumption depending on the responsiveness of demand to price (direct and cross-price elasticities), 9 which will be mediated by a range of factors such as income level, urban or rural residence, education of household head and women's control of income.
Crucially, it is hard to measure the responsiveness of drug demand to changes in price.
(2) through (4) describe the domestic and export demand responsiveness of prices.
A higher elasticity, which means a higher responsiveness of healthcare demand to price changes, leads to a larger welfare loss.
However, their estimated peak demand responsiveness is 8.41% (21.26%) when the peak-time price increases by 20%40%0%).
