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Discussion Fluid responsiveness assessment, in children especially, is challenging when spontaneous breathing is authorized.
Methods for fluid responsiveness assessment were classified according to their accuracy [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC)].
But most frequently a volume-resuscitated shock will need a volume responsiveness assessment in order to unmask a persistent preload defect [37].
The common protocol starts with fluid responsiveness assessment and fluid loading in responders, followed by a vasopressor and an inodilator test if necessary.
Although it is operator-dependent, echocardiographic is a noninvasive technique that enables fluid responsiveness assessment with good accuracy in spontaneously breathing patients [19, 21, 23, 28].
Thus, our primary objective was to perform a systematic review addressing the available methods for fluid responsiveness assessment in spontaneously breathing patients.
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But it seems that only a complex protocol (restrictive maintenance with fluid responsiveness assessment- GDFT group) can adapt for the variable blood loss and individual needs.
Table 1 The corporate social performance model Principles of CSR Institutional principle: legitimacy Organizational principle: public responsibility Individual principle: managerial discretion Processes of CSR responsiveness Environmental assessment Stakeholder management Issues management Outcomes of corporate behavior Social impacts Social programs Social policies Source: Wood (1991, p. 694).
The BPI showed acceptable internal consistency reliability, construct validity and responsiveness in assessment of pain and impact of pain among patients with OA undergoing THR.
Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) assessment was conducted for 24 h after the final aerosol challenge by using the AniRes2005 lung function system (Bestlab, version 2.0, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
A GPE-scale was applied for the analysis of criterion responsiveness and the assessment of MIC.
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