Hydraulic permeability tests at various pH conditions gave distinct open-state flux values for SNIPS membranes with different sublayer morphologies, while maintaining pH responsive functionality resulting from the poly(4-vinylpyridine) block.
For an example, conjugating a pH responsive functionality such as succinyl or acetyl to chitosan has been done by various groups with relative ease [66 68].
Researchers can take advantage of this particular characteristic since most infection sites will overexpress a certain enzyme, and responsive functionality can be applied to the material of interest [44].
Furthermore, phages can be modified with stimuli-responsive functionalities that allow for added efficacy and capabilities [88].
Applying stimuli-responsive functionalities to the design of nAbts opens up the possibility of creating a multipurpose antimicrobial with an environmental dependent release.
Polymers that contain carboxylic, sulfonic acid or amino groups such as poly l-histidine), poly l-histidine acid) (poly methacryliccrylic acid) (PMAA [48],andve been commonly used for their poly acrylice functionacidies.
Based on the nature of the employed components for multilayer fabrication (e.g. polyelectrolytes, nanoparticles, inhibitors), PEMs have the ability to provide unique or multiple-responsive functionality, stimulated by different triggering mechanisms (e.g. pH, temperature, light), for effective and controlled on-demand release of corrosion inhibitor.
From this template, we optimize "smart" biomaterials with biofunctional surfaces, tunable drug release kinetics, and magnetic or pH-responsive functionality, fabricated into MC-NPs for targeted drug release and periosteum-mimetic structures for controlled rhBMP-2 release towards bone tissue formation in-vivo.
For instance, a thermo-responsive group like NIPAM is combined with pH-responsive functionality for the purpose of designing a multi-environment NP [47].
Nevertheless, the existence of feedback loops in post-transcriptional networks (Harris and Levine, 2005; Tsang et al., 2007) supports the idea that the severe constraints of BQS are 'loosened' to allow more responsive dynamic functionalities in post-transcriptional regulation.
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