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This cascade of responses drives the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into a myofibroblast-like phenotype that is contractile, proliferative and fibrogenic.
The understanding of the growth and functions of cells, the principles and methods of engineering, and the signals regulating cellular responses drives the fabrication of matrices and the design of tissue assembly to generate tissue-engineered products for in vivo and in vitro applications.
A. Alleviating stress by drive reduction Alleviating stress by drive reduction Any stress which is not sufficiently alleviated by existing (pre-evolved) stress responses drives rapid (not necessarily genetic) changes mostly in flexible and relatively non-harmful features.
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Timing of virus-specific T cell responses is critical for understanding whether immune responses drive or follow viral mutations.
That is, the reported result [23] may simply reflect rare allele advantage [43] rather than indicate that protective CTL responses drive escape frequently.
Immune responses driven by Th1 cells are exemplified by the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction [ 32, 33].
Nevertheless, the downstream adaptive responses driven by these pathways are well conserved.
Previous studies that examined vascular function have reported responses driven by both male and female offspring [ 13- 15].
Innate immune attenuation results in asymptomatic bacteriuria, while exaggerated, dysregulated responses drive disease ('good' versus 'bad' inflammation).
Acting in concert with this fast-acting response are slower stress responses, driven primarily by the adrenal cortex via corticosteroid hormones, that lead to longer-term elevated reactivity.
The relatively high sensitivity of the light responses driven by ectopic rod opsin raises the possibility that this intervention could allow visual discrimination under natural viewing conditions.
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