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One ERP response that has been well-studied across a wide age range is the response to deviance and/or novelty, because the child's ability to detect and assimilate novel events is fundamental to cognitive development (Berg and Sternberg, 1985).
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The mismatch negativity (MMN) represents the cortical response to sound deviance in an otherwise uniform stimulation.
Renvall and Hari [ 27] reported that electroencephalographic studies demonstrate smaller auditory responses to infrequent deviances of speech and non speech sounds in dyslexic than normal-reading subjects.
American sociologist Robert Merton's theory of anomie holds that deviance is often a response to situations in which goals cannot be achieved through conventional behaviour.
Generalized reactivity, defined as a cortisol response to both stressors, was inversely associated with deviance (e.g., theft, substance use) and with two indicators of sexual risk taking (lifetime number of intercourse partners and frequency of condom use).
Elsewhere, Urakawa et al. [78] used MEG to examine visual deviance detection and demonstrated a large middle occipital gyrus response to infrequent stimuli that was followed by activation in the precuneus and right IFG in three out of eight participants.
Early psychological approaches to deviance emphasized the biological and psychodynamic roots of deviance.
Randomized quantile residuals have been found to be superior in the validation of regression models for continuous and discrete response variables to Pearson and deviance residuals (Dunn and Smyth [1996]).
The brain's response on detecting deviance is registered by an event-related potential (ERP) called mismatch negativity (MMN).
Modeling combined diseases (the prevalence of multiple diseases as a single proportion value as the model response), led to an average six-fold increase in cross-validation deviance (reduction in predictive accuracy) over modeling the diseases individually.
According to the deviance test, the M2 model was superior to the M1 model.
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