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DM resistance was quantified through the following traits: (1) visual ratings of sporulation on a scale of 1 to 5, (2) computer vision ratings of percent sporulation, (3) computer vision ratings of percent of leaf covered in trichomes (only relevant in the 'Horizon' x cinerea lineage), and (4) human vision ratings of "hypersensitive response" (leaf cell death to prevent DM from spreading).
François Tardif (University of Guelph, Canada) reported on a mechanism endowing glyphosate resistance that involves a light-activated rapid necrosis response (leaf amputation) in Ambrosia trifida.
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Growth (stem diameter, total plant dry mass) and physiological responses (leaf nutrient concentration, chlorophyll concentration, total antioxidant and nitrate reductase activities, and total phenolic content) were measured.
However, little is known about the plastic response of leaf teeth and leaf dissection to temperature.
Leaves are not a homogeneous organ and the possibility of asymmetrical response throughout leaf tissues or leaf parts during drought events have not been investigated.
These MLPs were trained and tested to simulate the response of leaf area with linear measurements leaf length and width.
Leaf senescence is an integrated response of leaf cells to endogenous developmental and external environmental conditions49, and our results are consistent with another study that found longer leaf coloration periods in deciduous trees under warmer fall temperatures50.
We examined larval performance in response to leaf nutritional characteristics using gelechiid and pyralid leaf-tiers, and a noctuid leaf-cutter.
Leaf senescence is an active and highly regulated process that involves an integrated response of leaf cells to age information and other internal and environmental signals [ 71].
Increasing nectar secretion in flowers in response to leaf herbivory would demand more resources to flowers, which could otherwise be allocated to leaf defences.
Gene expression analysis was carried out in response to leaf age and external cues (drought stress, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid treatments and wounding).
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