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There are at least four psychological mechanisms associated with the placebo response: expectation, conditioning, therapeutic relationship and empowerment [33]; psychological mechanisms, especially the conditioning and expectation may guide people's behavior.
10.7554/eLife.08723.014 Figure 7. Simulated interaction between trial outcome and response expectation on BOLD activation.
10.7554/eLife.08723.015 Figure 8. Observed interaction between trial outcome and response expectation on BOLD activation.
Estimates of response expectation and variance covariance can be obtained by linearizing the system at additional computational costs that scale linear with the number of parameters using forward-sensitivity analysis.
The focus group approach does come with attendant limitations such as potential moderator bias, the inhibition of responses from quieter attendees due to personality or community politics, and other response expectation biases.
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"Concerned and confident" EMS workers are more than four times as likely to fulfill pandemic influenza response expectations.
Despite these caveats, however, ascertaining local health department workers' dispositions toward fulfilling pandemic flu response expectations nonetheless has value for current local public health agency readiness and response efforts and related training needs assessments.
The willingness of healthcare providers to fulfill emergency response expectations is particularly salient in an influenza pandemic – an occurrence which exerts a considerable human resource burden on the healthcare infrastructure [12].
Scant margin exists in the nation's public health system for local health department workers – the backbone of public health system readiness – to "opt out" of response duties, given limitations of health system surge capacity [4], public health personnel shortages [5], and continued steep learning curves associated with relatively new 24/7 response expectations for health department employees.
Patients' response expectations, expectations about coping ability and expectations about treatment and illness are analyzed as mediators.
In a pilot study by our group, response expectations predicted the incidence of side effects three months after the start of endocrine treatment [ 23, 24].
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