Advanced vertebrate animals, a group that includes humans, defend themselves against such microorganisms by means of a complex group of defense responses collectively called the immune system.
Their practical utilization in biomedical applications depends on the appropriate physical and biological responses collectively referred to as biocompatibility.
SP/NKA and CGRP release from peripheral endings of nociceptors promoted by TRPV1 or TRPA1 activation produces a series of responses collectively described as neurogenic inflammation [48].
However, in recent years, it is being increasingly recognized that, in individual cells, there are graded responses collectively termed cell-autonomous defense mechanisms that induce cellular processes designed to limit cell damage, enable repair, and eliminate bacteria.
An investigation of the responses collectively is attractive from a drug (vaccine) development perspective as the identification of peptides with similar response patterns in Aq and DR4 systems provides chemical probes that can be used to link the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles monitored in the Aq mouse model of CIA to DR4-based models.
To protect against this, the immune system has multiple mechanisms to downregulate immune responses – collectively known as immune checkpoint pathways.
In addition to local injury at the site of burn, severe thermal injury over a large area of the skin, roughly 20%% total body surface area (TBSA) or greater, results in acute systemic responses collectively known as burn shock [ 11].
The first coronary artery occlusion each day represents ischemia-reperfusion injury that is expected to result in the initiation of a series of short-term adaptive responses collectively referred to as preconditioning (Vinten-Johansen et al. 2007).
DSBs are cytotoxic forms of DNA damage that can lead to oncogenic chromosomal rearrangements if improperly repaired 1. DSBs trigger a complex set of cellular responses collectively known as the DDR that impinges on transcription, DNA replication and cell cycle progression.
After receiving no response, they collectively continue the request for information to enable them to do their due diligence.
