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Relatively high IL-6 production in newborns likely contributes to initiation of an acute phase response at birth that may serve to clear perinatally-acquired microbes [52].
Thus inactivating Phox2b in periVII and periV cells eliminates the CO2 response at birth.
Vaccination had no effects on 10 vaccinees born to mothers with long-standing Maedi-Visna infections and broad andibody response at birth of their lambs.
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Additionally, neonatal DCs are less efficient inducers of T cell responses at birth compared to maturated DCs [59].
We found that cord blood Th1-polarising cytokine responses were generally impaired, that TLR8 agonists gave the strongest Th1-cytokine responses at birth and that by 1 month of age the pro-inflammatory responses to most TLR agonists were increased, with predominance of responses to TLR4, -5 and -8 agonists that changed across the first 12 months of life.
In addition to infant responses, we measured paired maternal mycobacterial responses in order to explore possible reasons for the differences in infant immune responses at birth.
For example, newborns that go on to develop recurrent wheezing and/or atopy have a distinct pattern of immune responses at birth or in early infancy.
An important strength of our study was the measurement of infant responses to mycobacterial antigen pre and post-BCG vaccination in order to ascertain whether differentially affected immune responses at birth affect vaccine immunogenicity.
In order to determine the potential impact of infant responses at birth on the subsequent immunogenicity of delayed BCG vaccination at 6 weeks of age, identical assays were repeated in infants at 16 weeks of age.
Molfese and Molfese (1985) reported that hemispheric responses at birth differentially sensitive to specific speech stimuli were predictive of children's later emerging language skills as measured by the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities.
In summary, despite the effect of maternal HIV and Mtb sensitization on maternal mycobacteria-specific responses and infant responses at birth, our data suggest that HIV-exposed infants have the same potential to respond to BCG immunization administered at 6 weeks of age as HIV-unexposed infants and are therefore as likely to benefit from this vaccine.
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