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Sometimes the response is measured in terms of the proportion of individuals in a sample population that show a given all-or-nothing response (e.g., loss of reaction to a painful stimulus or appearance of convulsions) rather than as a continuously graded response; as such, the ED50 represents the dose that causes 50 percent of a sample population to respond.
Authors' response: As such, temperate phages, by definition, do not kill the host, and therefore, even if lysogenization is prevented by CRISPR-Cas, as indeed has been reported[ 60], this seems to be irrelevant for the modeling approach described here.
The rationale for this is that if participants are guessing but do not have the option of reporting their response as such then they are forced to report their guess response as knowing on the assumption that it is the nearest level of confidence.
Evidence from recent studies suggested that duration of type 2 diabetes, advanced age, history of complications (serious hypoglycemia), and severe comorbidities may affect treatment response; as such, patients meeting the above criteria may experience adverse effects in response to intensive antidiabetes therapy (50).
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Payment was entirely independent of participants' responses and, as such, unlikely to induce any bias in responding.
As such, response rates also varied by site.
3. Interview different local emergency response units (such as the police, fire fighters, E.M.T.'s, etc).
Local governments around Shinmoedake took emergency response measures such as setting up emergency operation centers.
Transient response statistics such as the mean value and the variance are evaluated numerically.
What is stunning is the tepid response -- such as it is.
Since we consider very complex response effects, such as heterosis, probably several latent variables are involved.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com