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F1 is the first harmonic of the response to the optimal grating tested, F0 is the maintained firing rate of the response, after subtraction of the average firing rate in response to a uniform field at the mean illumination.
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For both single-unit and multiunit activity, a unit's best frequency (BF) was determined from rate functions obtained from pure tone responses, after subtraction of spontaneous activity (which was averaged over all prestimulus periods for a given stimulus set).
In other words, the first eigenvector w 1(U j ) contains the most information within the spectral image data, the second contains the most common response after the subtraction of variance from the first one, and so on.
We compared the baseline-firing rate and the amplitude of the receptive field (=the maximum response after baseline subtraction) for all 100 cells in both attentional conditions with the same measures in the fixation condition.
For the 58 surround cells, we also compared the absolute minimum firing rate outside of the cRF and the depth of the surround (=the minimum response after baseline subtraction) between the attention and fixation conditions.
Increasing concentrations of ComE1 were passed across a flow cell coated with pUC19 and the binding response recorded as changes in response units (RU) after subtraction of the binding response for the reference flow cell.
The orientation tuning of neurons was defined as the response to the orientation that was furthest (80°) from the orientation that yielded the largest response (preferred orientation) divided by the response to the preferred orientation after subtraction of spontaneous activity.
Wind-up is calculated as the number of "extra" neuronal responses evoked from a train of 16 electrical pulses after subtraction of the input response.
Plotted is the ratio of the responses to contralateral hemifield motion to those of full-field coherent motion, after subtraction of the baseline response.
We defined a T cell response as the percent of cells expressing cytokine in response to HIV Gag or CMV pp65 after subtraction of background signal.
Mean IFN-γ responses to each of the antigens and controls were calculated after subtraction of background IFN-γ responses obtained from the negative control wells.
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