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We propose that NELF interacts with Pol II complexes that have initiated transcription but that are not fully competent to enter productive elongation and helps to stabilize these complexes in a form that is competent for responding to activating (or repressing) cues from enhancer-bound transcription factors.
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NK cell education may include a combination of several types of mechanisms, from negative (cell-death based) through positive (cell proliferation-based) selection to fine-tuning via adjustment of the cell's ability to respond to activating stimuli.
NK cells also respond to activating signals.
Lymphocyte expression of CD25 (IL-2 receptor) may indicate how well lymphocytes respond to activating signals.
When tumors were cultured for several days under conditions that allow maintenance of the tumor micro-environment, it was possible to detect fully equipped memory T cells that did not respond to activating stimuli such as PHA.
Potential explanations for this observation include that regenerative DLK-1 signaling pathways only become competent to respond to activating cues after development is complete or that the regenerative cue appears later, perhaps because CAMSAPs stabilize microtubule structures present only in mature neurons.
In our study colon cells responded to activated PMNs or granulocyte-like HL60 cells by slowing proliferation and arresting in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle (fig 2A,B).
This could mean that the function of the two complexes is coordinated, possibly responding to different activating pathways.
The apoptotic caspases appear to be activated in a protease cascade in which the activated apical caspases responding to apoptotic stimuli directly activate the executioner (effector) caspases in a precisely controlled process [ 18].
Also known is that expression of OR83b alone leads to functional ion channels not directly responding to odorants, but activated by cAMP or cGMP.
Copper metallation also has important roles in responding to oxidative stress, by activating superoxide dismutase (SOD1) [ 3, 4], and in regulating iron import by activating ferroxidases, which oxidize substrates for iron transporters [ 5- 7].
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