We found significantly higher earning of sucrose-only reinforcers and greater sucrose-lever error responding relative to the compound oral-sucrose plus IV-ethanol reinforcer.
In Experiment 2, we found that repeatedly reversing reinforcement and extinction contingencies between target and alternative responding tended to increase the likelihood of resurgence of target responding relative to no contingency reversals.
We found that mGluR5 KO mice had significantly reduced OSS responding relative to WT mice, while Het mice displayed a paradoxical increase in OSS responding.
Multiple comparisons performed on OSS data revealed that heterozygous mice had a significant (p<0.05) elevation in responding relative to wildtypes, while knockout mice had dramatically blunted responding (p<0.001).
However, upon discriminative stimulus presentations, cocaine-sickness paired animals exhibited decreased cue-induced responding relative to unpaired controls, indicating goal-directed behavior.
All 3 reinstatement procedures produced significant and similar increases in responding relative to the last extinction session: Reward6+CR6 (t = 4.79, df = 9, p<.01), CR30 (t = 6.00, df = 9, p<.01), and Reward6+CR30 (t = 4.73, df = 9, p<.01) (Figure 2F); C57BL/6J mice made on average ∼7 10 more responses (out of a possible 30) during reinstatement than extinction.
The delay in responding relative to the time when we received the decision letter is explained by the long-term nature of the work involved in this research.
The results did not reveal clear differences in the numbers of participants between trials that responded relative to all target trials.
Plant defensive stress caused the weakest transcriptional response, with only 12 genes responding relative to control conditions (10 up- and 2 down-regulated), of which only six have a predicted function.
In sham-lesioned rats, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg doses caused a significant increase in premature responding relative to saline dosing (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001, respectively), and 1.0 mg/kg caused a further increase over 0.5 mg/kg (P = 0.002).
