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Gases diffuse across the respiratory surface.
In snails, the feeding mechanism is independent of the respiratory surface.
In certain forms the foot is shortened, and external cerata develop to provide a respiratory surface to replace the lost mantle-cavity surface and ctenidia.
It is theoretically possible for a skin that is well supplied with blood vessels to serve as a major or even the only respiratory surface.
This process occurs primarily by passive diffusion; each gas moves from an area of greater to lesser partial pressure, driven by the differential that exists across the respiratory surface.
The smaller alveoli in mammals are associated with a greater surface for gas exchange: although the respiratory surface of the frog (Rana) is about 20 square centimetres per cubic centimetre (50.8 square inches per one cubic inch) of air, that of humans is about 300 square centimetres.
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As an animal breathes, oxygen moves from the environment across the respiratory surfaces into the blood; carbon dioxide moves in the reverse direction.
Hemoglobins have the capacity to combine with atmospheric oxygen in lungs, gills, or other respiratory surfaces of the body and to release oxygen to tissues.
The cuticle is usually soft and thin in small, wormlike, generally subterranean species, in parasitic species, or in the respiratory surfaces of free-living species.
In order to extract an equivalent amount of oxygen as an air breather, an aquatic animal may find it necessary to pass across the respiratory surfaces a relatively larger volume of the external medium.
In air-breathing vertebrates, alternately contracting sets of muscles create the pressure differences needed to expand or deflate the lungs, while the heart pumps blood through the respiratory surfaces within the lungs.
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