where (9b) and (9c), respectively, constrains the transmit power at the relay node and the kth transmitter to P r>0, P s,k >0.
In this study, we assume the V s is 3.6 and 3.7 km/s beneath the volcanic and non-volcanic areas, respectively, as constrained by the tomographic results (Zhao et al. 2011) and typical crustal V s profiles (Atkinson and Boore 2006).
In summary, divergence rates are in agreement with our initial rationale for selecting the Actin and Complement pathways as references, respectively, for constrained and accelerated evolution on CDS.
As sires and dams were selected from the same population, the sire and dam additive genetic variances (σS and σD, respectively) were constrained to be equal (σS= σD=¼ σa).
The youngest detrital zircon age population for each of the Balato, Fatoya and Kintinian formations yields ages of 2113 ± 10 Ma, 2113 ± 5 Ma and 2124 ± 7 Ma respectively, thus constraining the maximum age of deposition for each of these formations.
Notably, the two droplets are constrained respectively by two vertically aligned needles.
In Ethiopia, Kenya and Malawi, 56, 45 and 49% of households, respectively, were credit constrained.
Using null models with row sums and column sums constrained respectively, we explore whether species turnover is driven by mechanisms of ecological differences (species-specific occupancies) or habitat heterogeneity (site-specific alpha diversity and thus environmental filters).
Note that α i and β i are the power weighting factors at the sources and relays, respectively, which are constrained by 0<α i,β i <1 and ∑ i = 1 2 α i 2 = ∑ i = 1 2 β i 2 = 1.
Finally, since only one transmission per time slot occurs in the HD scheme, the transmission power of the secondary transmitter and of the relay are constrained, respectively as: begin{array}{*{20}l} P_{s} &=frac{I_{th}}{g_{sp}}, end{array} (21).
