Adopting the perspective of the German social security system, which combines Statutory Health Insurance and Compulsory Long-Term Care Insurance (payer perspective), our study aimed to compare community-living and institutionalized dementia patients regarding their health care service utilization profiles and to contrast the respective expenditures.
The results of our matched regression of outpatient service utilization, self-treatment and respective expenditures are shown in Table 3.> After matching, MIP-insured individuals with chronic illnesses did not have statistically significant higher odds of using formal outpatient services compared to non-MIP insured individuals with a chronic illness.
Compared to the additional 6.8%, 7.1% and 13.8% respective additional expenditures on MNH the CI, FI and FICI interventions could entail (Table 2) this represents a particularly good investment for the CI.
To the levels of research grant funding we added the respective research infrastructure expenditure by disease.
Second, we used the distribution of research grants and fellowships by disease in each organisation to allocate the respective research infrastructure expenditure.
Expenditures for prescribed medications during the hospitalisations or outpatient visits were included in the respective inpatient or outpatient expenditure categories.
8 According to the share of young participants in the respective program types, total expenditure information for youths were calculated for each country and program-type assuming that the program cost for youth and adult participants are similar.
# Adjusted for the respective baseline income or expenditure variable in all follow up models * Adjusted for urban or rural location, age and gender composition and percentage of household members employed.
Although analyses based on comprehensive administrative statistics might give better estimates of the actual level of expenditure for the respective institutions, they are mostly not a representative sample of the population and do not include patients' out-of-pocket expenditures.
Taking into account the price incentives in a real market setting, where consumers would tend to opt for lower-priced commodities instead of high-price goods to some extent (within the above-mentioned guidelines for the respective diets), the estimated food expenditure becomes lower in both diets.
Our index can also be applied to other countries with respect to energy and other household expenditures, if the respective national statistical office provides the necessary household survey data for the analysis.
