Economists like Tang Wing-shing, a specialist in urban development at Baptist University in Hong Kong, worry about the consequences: waste of resources, loss of arable land, fiscal crises, corruption and pollution.
Two post-invasion articles also identified emerging concerns: in one, Fallows enumerated the opportunity costs of the Iraq war (diversion of resources, loss of diplomatic good will); in another, he convened a panel to conduct a war game on the military options (they found no appealing ones) for dealing with Iran's nuclear program.
The problems that motivate the Vatican are no different from those that concern the scientific community: depletion of nonrenewable resources, loss of ecosystem services, and risks from changing climate.
Nine critical broad-spectrum stressors of ecological services are identified, which include pollution and contamination, agricultural erosion, non-native species, degraded recreational resources, loss of wetlands habitat, climate change, risk of clean water shortage, vanishing sand dunes, and population overcrowding.
Conventional agricultural practices have often been associated with negative externalities, such as land degradation, pollution of soil and water resources, loss of biodiversity, and decreased provision of ecosystem services (ES).
The latter often called "social costs", refer to the monetary equivalent of consumed resources, loss of income and loss of enjoyment experienced by parties not engaged in the contractual agreement, solely due to a construction process.
This includes the five-year plans, misallocation of resources, loss-making state enterprises, subsidized consumption, corruption and oil export dependence that doomed the Soviet experiment.
Agriculture faces many emerging challenges to sustainability, including limited nutrient resources, losses from diseases caused by current and emerging pathogens and environmental degradation.
Plant height, species richness and diversity decreased with increasing resource availability and resource loss.
For indirect costs, resource loss data (e.g. sick leave) is gathered from the Swedish National Health Insurance system.
Discharging phosphorus (P -contaminated water directly into the aquatic environment leads to resource loss and eutroP -contaminated
