Natural resource entitlements have been debated through the millennia as intensely as genetic data ownership is debated today.
That may help explain why the response to Ms. De Peña's plight depended on the World Trade Center disaster, though her need would be the same if her husband had been killed in a car accident, said Penny Schwartz, director of REAP, short for the Resource, Entitlement and Advocacy Program.
However, gender discrimination in MENA is typically codified in law, frequently in discriminatory family laws or civil codes, restrictions on resources and entitlements, son biases and restricted civil liberties.
Learning from social movements currently leading the transparency and accountability struggles in India, it calls for an instituting and recognition of accountability as new cultural resource and entitlement.
The papers that touched on ethnicity and minority-based structural violence noted that minority women lacked knowledge of laws existing to support them from abuse, availability of resources, and their entitlements to services [ 24].
Inequality is bound to grow when the guiding principle for sharing out resources shifts from entitlement to competition.
In the context of IAM, users are the company's employees and items represent achievable resources (e.g. entitlements or files).
Other alternative models might better explain livelihood landscape patterns (e.g. kinship networks, tenure arrangements, entitlements to resources, and incomplete markets for land, labor, or credit; [4], [37] [39]).
Vulnerability exists because of a lack of access and entitlement to resources or capital and is seen as a contextualized and politicized social condition moderated by poverty, inequality, unequal terms of trade, modes of production, power relations, and marginalization occurring at various scales of space and time.
Crucial aspects of pastoralist specialisation are: 1. the interaction of people, animals and the environment, particularly strategic mobility of livestock and selective feeding; and 2. the development of flexible resource management systems, particularly communal land management institutions and non-exclusive entitlements to water resources (ibid).
