Site selection, predicted annual plant output, and short-term temporal performance and operating strategy will all be grossly affected by the local short- and long-term resource availability and fluctuation [4].
It is well known that many introduced species are associated with agriculture (including both cropping systems and rangeland) and urbanization, both because they increase resource availability (or fluctuation in resource ability; Davis et al. 2000) and are associated with high propagule pressure (Lockwood et al. 2007).
Despite the r K continuum model being an oversimplification of life history strategies, it appears to offer some applicability at higher taxonomic levels as well as containing many elements that fit with current ideas on density-dependent regulation, resource availability, and environmental fluctuations (see Reznick et al. 2002 for a review of the controversy over the use of the theory).
The simulation results using randomly generated task graphs and task graphs corresponding to real world problems (GE and FFT) demonstrates that the proposed algorithm is able to deal with fluctuations of resource availability and provides overall optimal performance.
Models tailored to incorporate organism-specific temporal scales are important when modelling species which respond to fluctuations in resource availability following short-term weather events.
A number of factors could potentially have confounded the brain-migration relationship, including the degree of seasonality in the environment, the extent to which the habitat buffers individuals from climatic conditions, the temporal fluctuations in resource availability and intrinsic features of the species related to energetic demands, developmental periods and social behavior [2].
Such fluctuations in resource availability have been reported to promote the invasibility of exotic invasive species (Davis and Pelsor 2001; Li and Stevens 2012; Mata et al. 2013).
This study extends previous work on the effects of environmental heterogeneity [ 13- 15, 19, 26, 28, 29, 61] by focusing specifically on the effect of temporal fluctuations in resource availability on population divergence.
For example, Einarsson and others (2002) saw that fluctuations in resource availability and inter-specific competition led to multi-year cycles in the abundance and body size of emerging chironomids in an Icelandic lake, although the authors observed that the fluctuations were ultimately driven by climatic cycles.
The periodic (seasonal) changes in glucose and acetate concentrations in batch culture have previously been shown to promote coexistence of the SS and FS types, in analogy to the maintenance of phytoplankton diversity via fluctuations of resource availability (Sommer, 1984; Spencer et al., 2007).
Nevertheless, spatio-temporal fluctuations in food resource availability throughout the year mean that parrots alter habitat use in order to track food resources (Renton 2001).
