Exact(1)
This simple idea is remarkably effective in helping resolving the kind of inertia that stops us resolving items on our lists.
Similar(59)
It can resolve items of magnitude 15, which is 4000 times dimmer than what can be seen with the naked eye, down to 24 microarcseconds.
This image is said to resolve items as small as 90 cm (3 feet) in diameter.
A consequence of handling DIF in this way is that the resolved item has different parameter estimates for each group and is no longer invariant across the groups.
People who had current back pain had significantly higher mean scores than those who had either past or no back pain experience, for items about the ease of injuring their back (item 6; figure 3), the presence of ongoing weakness following back pain (item 32; figure 4) and the chance that back pain will not resolve (item 33; figure 5).
Some minor modifications to the six DSH scales were required to fully meet the assumptions of the Rasch model, namely, the formation of sub-tests to deal with local response dependency (all scales except SIQTR and SITBI), item splitting to resolve differential item functioning (all scales), and item deletion to deal with one grossly misfitting item (nail biting to cause bleeding or pain) in SHIF.
Scale modifications (as necessary to fully meet all the assumptions of the Rasch measurement model) included formation of sub-tests to deal with local response dependency (all scales except SIQTR-5 and SITB-11I), item splitting to resolve differential item functioning (all scales), and the deletion of one misfitting item (bitten fingernails to cause bleeding or pain) in the SHIF-16.
This visual field configuration emphasizes the importance of lateral vision for prey detection, as the foveae subtends the lateral visual fields [45], [46], thereby increasing the distance at which individuals can resolve prey items.
A consensus meeting was then held to resolve those items where there was a wide disparity in the two translations.
A consensus meeting was then held to resolve the items where there was a wide disparity in the two back-translations from the originals.
Once any person and item issues have been resolved, differential item function (DIF) is examined.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com