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All of the membranes required activation by a current flow to reach significant conductivity for the AFM analysis, indicating the existence of a highly resistive surface skin layer.
Such resistive surface layers are thought to be the source of compressive stress that drives oxide flow during self-organized pore formation.
The northern half of line A-A' has a resistive surface of several hundred to one thousand ohm meters with a thickness of one hundred to several hundreds of meters.
Magnetotelluric observations have revealed a widespread low-resistivity layer in the central and northwestern volcanoes of the Kirishima group, such as Shinmoedake, beneath a more resistive surface layer about 100 m thick (Kagiyama, 1994; Utada et al., 1994; Kagiyama et al., 1996).
From the comparison between the ac-impedance spectra obtained in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, the reduced cell-impedance in aqueous electrolyte can be accounted for by the kinetic facility for the interfacial charge-transfer reaction in the absence of the resistive surface film as well as by the high conductivity of the electrolyte itself.
It has been well established that the roots of certain cultivars of Arabidopsis naturally skew to the right when growing along a resistive surface.
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This may suggest that if the differences in hand/handrim grip force were due to increased rolling resistance resulting from the compensatory turned position of the front steered wheel, this effect may have been masked by the greater effort required to propel the wheelchairs over the resistive surfaces.
To fabricate a periodic-resistive-pattern surface compatible with a 180 °C autoclave process, a carbon-based conducting material was used.
Although the smaller domains provide moderate transport pathways, their effectiveness remains low due to strong, resistive water molecules/domain surface interactions.
A series of composite radar absorbing structures (RAS) with resistive frequency selective surface (FSS) have been designed and optimized in high efficiency using the transfer matrix method together with the adaptive genetic algorithm.
Both the insulating grain boundaries and resistive thin outer-surface layers have remarkable influences on the high-performance giant dielectric properties of GTTO ceramics.
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