Haemophilus influenzae induced a steroid-resistant inflammatory response in AM from COPD and controls and decreased HDAC activity, activated NF-κB and induced the secretion of several cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons) in the macrophage-like cell line.
All three stimuli induce senescence and, based on neutrophil adhesion and expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin and VCAM-1, a population of senescent cells is seen that is resistant to inflammatory stimuli and thus we define as anti-inflammatory.
TiO2 is more resistant to inflammatory degradation and has a higher corrosion resistance as compared with HA, and in this regard may be a suitable material to replace HA as an osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis skirt.
Interestingly, the perineurium appears to be unusually resistant to inflammatory mediators [ 1].
C5-deficient mice are resistant to inflammatory arthritis in models with a dominant humoral component [ 21, 40].
In general, at the baseline the HPA axis parameters do not differ in individuals susceptible and resistant to inflammatory disease.
KRN/NOD mice that lack mast cells are resistant to inflammatory and erosive arthritis induced by arthritogenic serum [ 25].
Cadherin 11 deficient mice have a hypoplastic synovial lining, display a disorganized synovial reaction to inflammation and are resistant to inflammatory arthritis [ 71].
Preclinical data showed that IDO-deficient mice are resistant to inflammatory skin carcinogenesis and Ido1 gene disruption in mouse models of pulmonary metastasis resulted in reduced lung tumor burden and improved survival.
Then, after the uptake of apoptotic cells, professional phagocytes such as macrophages become more resistant to inflammatory signals [ 23, 25] and cytokines, as we observed here with the decrease of TNF secretion after LPS stimulation.
In cases of refractory or therapy-resistant ocular inflammatory eye disease, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) antagonists such as infliximab and adalimumab are becoming increasingly used, together with other immunosuppressive agents [14 20].
