The politics of resistance continued to inform Riboud's work, prompting his investigations into the two great blocs of world communism, the USSR (where he spent three months in 1960) and China (which he visited repeatedly over 30 years), and a documentation of both sides in the Vietnam war.
The study was conducted in field conditions very similar to those of national programmes, with late diagnosis of first-line ART failure and no resistance testing to inform decisions about drug choice.
Longitudinal genomic studies assessing tumour clonal architecture and its correlation with the underlying immune response to cancer in each particular patient are needed to follow tumour evolutionary dynamics over time and through therapy, in order to further understand the mechanisms behind drug resistance and to inform the development of new combinatorial therapeutic strategies.
Furthermore, there is a limited body of data on how viremia evolves on therapy in absence of VLM, and the impact on emergence of drug resistance; such information is needed to inform treatment guidelines.
While there are fewer case reports of zanamivir [27] than oseltamivir resistance in the literature, insufficient data exist to inform the likely resistance profile of influenza strains following widespread use of these agents.
In Nigeria, there have not been adequate data regarding etiologic agents of conjunctivitis coupled with lack of updates on trends in antibiotic resistance patterns of ocular pathogens to inform treatment guidelines in the care of eye-infected patients.
Further studies integrating population-level dynamics with evolutionary history for disease resistance genes in dominant natural plant species will also help to inform more effective deployment of resistance genes in biofuel and other agricultural systems.
Understanding the past dynamics of resistance to different antibiotics using discrete-trait analyses could help to inform future strategies for reducing resistance, such as drug cycling.
FDA has recognized the need to inform clinicians about resistance issues for empirically treated diseases and has designated several drugs, for which adequate clinical data exist, as safe and effective in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae.
These sequence data can then be used to predict antibiotic resistance phenotypes, to identify virulence genes and to inform enhanced outbreak investigations [ 8].
