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Efficacy of Fungicides with Resistance Risk for Cucurbit Powdery Mildew and Fungicide Sensitivity of Podosphaera xanthii in New York.
This creates a big resistance risk for everyone, which was highlighted by the recent Chinese finding of resistance to colistin, an important last-resort antibiotic that has been used extensively in animals.
Through a defined process, FRAC has developed and regularly updates a "Code List" of commercial fungicide active ingredients based upon their biochemical mode of action (how they disrupt target fungi) and their resistance risk.
Resistance risk assessment, analysis of resistance events and risk management are based on elements such as the mode of resistance in target organisms, similarity of inhibitors, detection methods for resistant individuals, and design and validation of product use strategies.
A fuzzy-logic based model was built in order to assess the relative influence of different ecological and management drivers on glyphosate resistance risk (GRR) in Sorghum halepense (L).
The assessment of trade-offs between different ecosystem functions through expert opinion can complement traditional analyses for predicting herbicide resistance risk based on solely the genetic aspect of the evolutionary process.
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One is to add genes for pest resistance, risking consumer resistance to genetically modified crops.
The best approach, in my view, is to examine the experiences of early proponents of scientific authority who faced powerful resistance, risked their careers and even lives, and had to develop countermeasures.
This concerns in particular details on the application of the plant protection product (rate, timing, instructions for use, etc)., information on the toxicological profile including potential metabolites and data on the efficacy of the product including resistance risks.
An obvious example is chemical pesticides where historically there was little regulatory focus on resistance risks.
However, the activity of rilpivirine against HIV-1 isolates with diminished activity against first-generation NNRTIs may still be important to consider due to transmitted resistance risks.
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