We identify members of known resistance pathways and additional putative resistance drivers.
Further, some of these resistance pathways lead to multidrug resistance, generating an even more difficult clinical problem to overcome.
To combat resistance mechanisms, we must identify the compensatory resistance pathways and the central modulators of reprogramming events.
In this connection, new antibiotics must be developed that exhibit the abilities to circumvent known resistance pathways.
These findings in the laboratory and clinic have prompted investigations into resistance pathways following PI3K pathway inhibition in order to understand escape pathways and restore tumor cell sensitivity.
Genetic variation in the HIV-1 pol gene, which encodes the main targets for anti-HIV drugs, may favors different susceptibility and resistance pathways to antiretroviral agents.
Sirt1 affects many metabolic and stress resistance pathways including those involved in DNA repair, apoptosis, glucose and fat metabolism [51].
However, very limited effort so far has been devoted to understand the resistance pathways mediated by any of these genes.
It can be readily adapted to dissect the resistance pathways mediated by a wide range of potato R genes in the future.
In P. aeruginosa, the chelation of ions by extracellular DNA present in the biofilm caused activation of antibiotic and stress resistance pathways in the adjacent cells [5].
Fasting promotes longevity by reprogramming metabolic and stress resistance pathways.
