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In the semi-intensive and intensive culture, these alterations may affect the natural resistance of fish against parasites.
The supplementation of probiotic in challenge test significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the resistance of fish against A. hydrophila infection.
Hemolytic and agglutinating activities of serum are well correlated with disease resistance of fish (Roed et al. 1992; Marsden et al. 1996).
The observed difference in mechanical properties and unique nanostructures of different layers may have contributed to the resistance of fish scales to failure by impact and penetration loading.
It has also been shown that elevated temperature negatively affects the resistance of fish to diseases by affecting antibody production and leucocyte activity [[ 12],[ 64]].
Resistance of fish to infection with the salmon louse is most likely associated with a range of different processes which may depend on the stage of the parasite life cycle.
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As far as we knew, this was the first study trying to apply MPC principles to optimize therapy and reduce resistance selection of fish bacterial pathogen.
This study evaluated effects of low molecular weight agar (LMWA) and Lactobacillus plantarum singly or combined on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of basa fish (Pangasius bocourti).
The use of antibiotics, vaccines and fish health management practices has partially solved the problem, but the achievement of large-scale production in the highly competitive world market requires enhancing resistance of cultured fish to diseases.
Since Sint and Lint trained fish had theoretically swum the same distance as the M trained fish, it could be argued that the relatively strong daily changes in water speed for both interval regimes may be the cause of the apparent negative impact on disease resistance of these fish.
However, both AHR2 and (to a lesser extent) AHR1 show evidence of non-neutral evolution suggestive of selection in the NBH population [ 25, 77], consistent with the possibility that the presence of AHR variants with altered function is responsible for the PCB resistance of NBH fish.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com