Within this paradigm, optimising immune function encompasses the return of such function(s) back into the normal range and/or strengthening of the resilience of the function(s), thus reducing the amplitude of fluctuations and reinforcing the homeodynamic regulation within the optimal range.
We discuss the diversity of species and their respective environmental optima with respect to the resilience of biofilm function under fluctuating production and environmental conditions.
Consequently, at times, it may be beneficial to down-regulate hyperactive immune functions or up-regulate hypoactive immune functions or to strengthen the resilience of immune functions to respond to external 'stressors'stressors
Here we identify a range of mechanisms underpinning the resilience of ecosystem functions across three ecological scales.
Although potentially less important in the short term, biodiversity, encompassing variation from within species to across landscapes, may be crucial for the longer-term resilience of ecosystem functions and the services that they underpin.
or increases (resulting in lake, reservoir and wetland infilling, coral reef smothering, etc).; eutrophication and reductions in nutrient inputs, and disturbance due to development and fishing practices are considered major drivers, with significant consequences for biodiversity and the provision and resilience of ecosystem functions and services.
Marine ecosystem management that incorporates understanding of biodiversity should lead to conservation of key species, augment resilience of process and function (i.e., functional redundancy, sensu [3]), enhance the capacity for marketing sustainable species (e.g., [4]), and facilitate the analysis of trade-offs among multiple resource uses.
In the case of the indicators of lack of resilience, the function has an inverse (Z) shape, that is, higher values of the indicator result in lower values of aggravation.
In this experimental context, resilience of microbial catabolic functions was not observed and in consequence ecosystem processes such as carbon mineralization and sequestration in soil may be affected.
It is through the interplay between these elements that the resilience of EU maritime functions is determined, and that market performance is attained with profitability, productivity and employment as important outcomes.
