Exact(1)
Material and energy efficiency, as well as life-cycle and systems thinking are all found to be essential elements of this new approach to inter-industrial residues streams.
Similar(59)
Glucose or xylose were used as carbon sources, since these are likely to be present in various residue streams derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
Different scenarios for the valorization of the liquefaction residue streams are examined to maximize organic recovery and eliminate process waste streams.
Emerging bioenergy markets typically first take advantage of secondary residue streams of various wood processing industries and tertiary end-of-life residues.
Thus, the objective of this study was to fully investigate, review, and summarize the existing literature in order to develop a comprehensive knowledge base for these residue streams.
In contrast, biofuels with a lower technology readiness level (Table 1), or second generation biofuels, can be produced via bio- and thermo-chemical conversion routes from: (i) the whole crop or (ii) a diversified range of raw materials, including biowastes or residue streams that are rich in lignin and cellulose (e.g., straw, grass or wood) (Figure 2).
This variation is due to different ways of utilizing the residue streams.
This study clearly shows the importance of good utilization of the residue streams and the impact this has on the process economics.
As such, it was necessary to determine the trace metal amounts required to supplement levels already present in the substrate and measure levels in the digester's solid and liquid residue streams to assess potential toxicity issues in their use and disposal.
The mass flow rates of the vapor stream and the residue stream can be determined from a mass balance and an enthalpy balance.
Retaining the Bevill exemption, allowing for beneficial use of CCRs, reflects the industry practice of deploying about 40% of the residue stream.
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