The BAU scenario entails no change in energy usage until 2050 with the current proportion of logging residue, processing residue, and waste wood.
In addition, it was assumed that logging residue, processing residue, and waste wood were used for energy in the region where they were generated, and they were not included in consideration of inter-regional flow.
The energy substitution effect was taken to be the substitution of logging residue, processing residue, and waste wood for heavy oil in energy generation, and the relevant annual reduction in the volume of carbon emissions was estimated using Eq. (22).
Furthermore, j represents the region of sawnwood or plywood production (east, central, or west Japan), k is the region of roundwood production (east, central, or west Japan), q is sawnwood or plywood, and e is logging residue, processing residue, and waste wood.
Nowadays, global residue processing is up to 0.87 billion tons every year, 23.3 % of which is processed by FCC.
In a biorefinery context the lignin residue from processing lignocellulosic biomass is considered a valuable energy source for process heat and electricity.
The dried residue from processing apples and citrus is made into feed for conditioning livestock for market, as are waste materials from many processed fruits.
Although not essential for proper processing, the aromatic nature of the C-terminal residue enhances processing by the BamA apparatus, facilitating barrel assembly in the OM [ 57, 69].
An example is the treatment and use of digestate, the residue remaining after processing in the biogas reactor, as synthetic fertilizer substitute.
However, the cylindrical pole yield from roundwood was set at 0.8 [43], while the actual use in wooden guardrails is set at 40%%; the remaining 10%% assumed to be processing residue.
