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Glucose or xylose were used as carbon sources, since these are likely to be present in various residue streams derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
Different scenarios for the valorization of the liquefaction residue streams are examined to maximize organic recovery and eliminate process waste streams.
Thus, the objective of this study was to fully investigate, review, and summarize the existing literature in order to develop a comprehensive knowledge base for these residue streams.
Emerging bioenergy markets typically first take advantage of secondary residue streams of various wood processing industries and tertiary end-of-life residues.
In contrast, biofuels with a lower technology readiness level (Table 1), or second generation biofuels, can be produced via bio- and thermo-chemical conversion routes from: (i) the whole crop or (ii) a diversified range of raw materials, including biowastes or residue streams that are rich in lignin and cellulose (e.g., straw, grass or wood) (Figure 2).
This variation is due to different ways of utilizing the residue streams.
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The mass flow rates of the vapor stream and the residue stream can be determined from a mass balance and an enthalpy balance.
Retaining the Bevill exemption, allowing for beneficial use of CCRs, reflects the industry practice of deploying about 40% of the residue stream.
From experimental data, models were built up to describe distilled percentage and methyl concentration at the residue stream in function of operating conditions.
Although such a residue stream is not classified as a hazardous waste according to the European waste catalogue, disposal of bottom ash may heavily weigh on the overall incineration costs.
Fundamental to any byproduct development effort is knowledge of the characteristics of the residue stream, because physical and chemical properties are vital for the proper design of subsequent processing operations and applications.
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