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For example, even for a PGA residual close to zero, only a slightly larger probability than 50% could be expected to obtain the correct intensity using the predicted PGA, when the observed PGA is just the threshold value crossing two consecutive intensity values, say 80 Gals, that defines the boundary between intensity 4 and 5.
The IMD also shows a mean residual close to zero, whereas the trend seen in Age and Age shows the points are not randomly scattered nor is the mean consistent at zero, i.e. the model does not fully explain LoS with age.
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The presence of few localized crystalline regions, composed of Si3N4 crystals or turbostratic carbon features is explained in terms of gas-phase reactions occurring at residual closed pores between 1000 and 1400 °C.
The wider bandwidths of the carrier loops also significantly reduce the large carrier phase residuals close to the geomagnetic poles, and no degradation is visible for GPS observations at midlatitudes.
The amino acids with residuals close to zero are, aspartic and glutamic acids, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine and serine.
The outfit statistic is sensitive to anomalous outliers for either person or item parameters, whereas the infit statistic is sensitive to residuals close to the estimated person abilities.
Normal probability plots of the model tested on SOCCAR data show residuals closest to the line with the BB model (Additional file 2: Figure S1).
Severe shot peening is one of the popular mechanical surface treatments generally aimed at generating nanograined layer and compressive residual stress close to the surface.
For high intensity shaking, the proposed system minimizes the peak bearing displacement in addition to keeping the bearing residual displacement close to zero.
Therefore, the assumption in design codes of no mean stress effect, based in the presence of high residual stresses close to the yield stress, seems not adequate to be applied for friction stir butt welds.
Here, the problem is solved by the approximate solution so that the residual stays close to zero throughout the domain 0 < η < 1.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com