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Overall, 11% of the total sample had K10 scores ≥ 22 indicating significant psychological distress (15.3% of the residential sample and 6.7% of the community sample).
We regressed outdoor PM2.5, EC, and NO2 concentrations against mean DEP concentrations for the specific hours that each residential sample was collected.
The community sample spent, on average, significantly more time outdoors than the residential sample (Z = −6.5, p < 0.001), had significantly fewer functional limitations (Z = −9.4, p < 0.001) and engaged in significantly more activity (Z = −5.4, p < 0.001).
While psychological distress was found to be higher, and QOL lower in the residential sample, a number of risk factors were found to be associated with psychological distress and QOL for both community and residential samples.
Activity levels and income were not included in the multivariate analyses because of a large amount of missing data giving a final sample size of 496 (residential sample = 276, community sample = 220) for the multivariate analyses.
For the residential sample, 25.3% of those who answered the question (n = 59/233), reported having been told by their doctor at some time in their lives that they had depression, compared to 4.9% of the community sample (n = 11/224) (χ = 36.7, df = 1, p < 0.001).
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Residential sampling locations were selected based on a novel design stratified by high- and low-predicted traffic emissions and locations over- and under-predicted from previous dispersion model and sampling comparisons.
Sample location is also an important consideration in collecting residential samples.
However, such theoretically optimal sampling designs should be approached realistically, with the recognition that residential sampling will require some amount of visit rescheduling (especially for a cohort such as ours, with women who are pregnant or with young children).
Regarding the specific issue of whether soil lead has increased or decreased, we agree that a direct comparison between census-level soil lead survey data and direct measure-ments of residential samples has limitations.
On the residential sampling days, 24-hr samples were collected at up to eight locations: First Street, Fremont School, one other school, and up to five residences.
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