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For approximately 82% of workers, yearly occupational exposure estimates were always higher than corresponding residential estimates.
Residential estimates averaged 27.5 ppb (18.7 42.6 ppb) overall, higher than measured concentrations, because several NO2 samplers were located in open spaces (i.e., parks, backyards), whereas cohort homes clustered near major roads.
For people in the worker cohort, occupational exposure model estimates were used for the years when they worked at the plant if they were higher than the residential model estimates; if they were lower, the residential estimates were used.
A primary strength of our study is the estimation of residential pesticide exposure using a GIS-based computer model and not subjects' self-reports; therefore, our residential estimates are unlikely to be biased by differential recall.
Yearly serum estimates from the occupational exposure model were used for the years when people worked at the plant if they were higher than residential estimates; if they were lower, the residential (community) estimates were used.
Modeling techniques, such as land use regression and air dispersion, attempt to provide residential estimates of exposure to PM, whereas fixed site monitor techniques indicate group-level exposures without further modeling.
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Delivering phone and Internet services will cost $1,000 to $2,000 per residential user, estimates Lee Doyle, an analyst at International Data Corp.
Many of the uncertainties associated with residential exposure estimates are discussed above.
Our residential pesticide estimates are unique in the field of epidemiologic exposure assessment, and our rationale for their use in this study is strong.
Among adults, evidence of effect modification by sex remains uncertain; studies of older adults and those using residential exposure estimates suggest stronger effects among women.
We linked individual-level data on self-reported symptoms and diseases (and confounding variables) to residential exposure estimates from a validated land-use regression model and accounted for spatial clustering of respondents.
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