It is interesting to note that four gene expression factors have been found useful for distinguishing between brain regions; these being the regional myelin/oligodendrocyte levels, the resident neuron neurotransmitter type, the neurotransmitter innervation profiles and Ca2+-dependent signalling and second messenger systems [ 3].
Normal vision requires coordinated cell cell communication among resident retinal neurons, Müller cells, astrocytes, microglia, vasculature, photoreceptors, and pigmented epithelial cells.
In vivo, anaesthetics may modulate thalamic activity directly by influencing the intrinsic excitability of resident thalamic neurons or indirectly by altering the activity of extrinsic excitatory inputs (e.g. descending cortico-thalamic, or ascending reticular activating system inputs).
In conclusion, we reported herein that dopaminergic neurons resident in the SNpc possess a central role in the regulation of sleep processes, particularly of REM sleep.
In the brain, cytokines are expressed not only in systemic immunocytes but also in resident cells, including neurons and glia.
CNS resident cells, including neurons, synthesized cytokines between 3 and 24 hours post SCI and some infiltrating leukocytes were responsible for the cytokine production 12 hours after the trauma.
In fact, the level of VEGF expression in resident astrocytes and neurons appears increased in progressive MS patients [ 35, 58], as well as in RR-MS [ 35], and a reduced level of VEGF has been detected only in non-resident mononuclear cells in CSF and peripheral blood [ 53, 63].
There is however hope that we shall reach a point where it will be possible to stimulate and potentialize in situ genesis of new neurons from "resident" nerve cells and thus compensate for neuron deficits.
It also presents the advantage over reductionist cellular models to integrate various components of the mucosa such as IEC, submucosal neurons and resident inflammatory cells.
These consist of various morphological effects involving both resident cells such as neurons and glia and nonresident inflammatory cells.
