One group is the urban service proletariat, who struggle to earn a living in precarious service jobs but have legal entitlement to urban residence and urban services.
A health insurance card is issued to all persons officially residing in the country by the municipality of residence and serves as a proof of entitlement to care.
Citizenship becomes then an entitlement within the country of residence.
The issue is not mobility itself, but whether mobility involves entitlement to full citizenship rights – social security, residence, healthcare, employment, etc. Citizenship is a political, economic and social status, as the sociologist TH Marshall argued long ago, involving more than possessing a document, or even paying taxes.
The DVA provide data on clients' sex, dates of birth and death, level of healthcare entitlement history (Gold, White, Orange) and postcode of residence history mapped to statistical local areas (SLAs) and local government areas (LGAs).
The issue then – and the issue from January in relation to Bulgaria and Romania – was not entitlement to benefits (we had already tightened the habitual residence test), but whether people were allowed to work legally.
When the entitlement to enjoy the full set of rights is conditional upon residence criteria, for instance by denying voting to expatriates, nationality alone thus become a form of quasi-citizenship, comparable to Turkish blue card which is discussed below (Faist, 2000).
Furthermore, many EU-citizens do not bother asking for a residence permit at the Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND), since that does not affect their entitlements, unlike what is the case for non-EU citizens.
In contrast, entitlement to most benefits in Britain Irelandd is similar) is determined only by residence and need.So it is not surprising that Mr Duncan Smith's main battle with Brussels is over defining residence.
UK citizens forced to return from overseas might have problems over entitlement to benefits, including job seeker's allowance, universal credit and pensions because of the habitual residence test.
The index concerns four dimensions of access to citizenship; eligibility (residence requirements and jus soli), conditions (language requirements, integration tests, income/job, application fee level), security of status (discretion versus entitlement to naturalisation), and whether dual citizenship is permitted.
