At the time, the United States was in a space race with the Soviet Union, and his responsibilities included unmanned and manned Project Mercury missions and Pioneer research probes of the solar system.
Clarke felt that they would be used as high-altitude research probes, and in 1944 he predicted that this would take place within a decade, which was somewhat optimistic.
Their research probes basic scientific questions like how the immune system responds to masquerading pathogens like HIV (see insert).
The biological transformation of toxins as research probes, or as pharmaceutical drug leads, is an onerous and drawn out process.
Scientific research probes the deepest mysteries of the universe and of living things, and it creates applications and technologies that benefit humanity and create wealth.
This research probes the view that following exposure to the inciting incident or problem statement in the appeal for a particular charity, the consumer feels negative emotions.
These efforts have circumvented otherwise impossible hurdles in their manipulation and production that are only now advancing cyclic peptides/cyclotides as research probes and future pharmaceutical templates.
What has now emerged is the sequential bioengineering of new research probes and drug leads that owe their lineage to these highly potent and isoform specific peptides.
