But if you think of federal funding as the government buying useful research, as opposed to using research grants as academic welfare, endowment size is incidental.
This paper explores to what extent conducting internal basic research, as opposed to external basic research (i.e. outsourcing and collaboration with universities) encourages firms to bring new products into the market ahead of competitors, and contributes to innovation performance.
The approach is an essential part of the Affordable Care Act, put in place to fund patient-centered research (as opposed to comparative clinical effectiveness research).
Former Senator Rick Santorum (R PA) is a strong backer of adult stem-cell research, and opposed to embryonic stem-cell research because he views destruction of embryos as destruction of human life.
Despite the diverse and developing background, there is, as yet, only a limited pool of primary research, as opposed to opinion, on how health research systems can best be organised at an overall level.
Students rated their skills higher when asked about a paper within their areas of research, as opposed to a paper outside their areas of research (Supplemental Figure S1).
This approach aims to assess 'contributions' of research as opposed to 'impacts' and focuses on understanding how research and knowledge utilization processes evolve amongst the key actors involved.
In summary, we argue for a conception of ethics as an ongoing, integral part of the research, as opposed to a one-time assessment resulting in research being judged as 'ethical' or not.
However, these data are not interoperable because of the varied methods of classifying the research and the different degrees of detail reported for example, information on medical research as opposed to different diseases.
