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In the research box, y 1 tr Open image in new window is an intermediate measure, as it is an output factor for the teaching box and an input factor to the research box.
These students are input resources to our research box as they undertake research activities at the graduate level.
Hence, in the present paper, we did not consider x 1 r Open image in new window as an independent input factor to our research box.
These students along with those who have finished their undergraduate studies in Alzahra University are in fact input factors to our research box.
In our proposed NDEA model, the faculty members, i.e., x 1 tr Open image in new window and x 2 tr Open image in new window are considered as input factors both to the teaching box and to the research box, with the ratio of 1/3 and 2/3 as shown in Figure 1.
This is an important avenue for future research (box 2).
Their role remains ambiguous and would benefit from further research (box 1).
