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Three genes determining vernalization requirement (VERNALIZATION-1 (VRN-1), VRN-2 and VRN-3) have been identified in wheat and barley using mutations that distinguish "winter" types (requiring vernalization) from "spring" types (no vernalization requirement).
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Winter wheat is one of the major food crops requiring vernalization for the development of flowering organs.
Wheats are categorized into two major forms: those requiring vernalization or exposure to cold to accelerate flowering (winter forms) and those which do not require vernalization (spring forms).
The A12DHd reference sequence is derived from a BAC clone of a Chinese kale, B. oleracea alboglabra, which flowers after 8 weeks [ 38] and can be considered a rapid-cycling type, not requiring vernalization.
Camelina species can be annual or biennial, with some species requiring vernalization to induce flowering [ 9].
Variation in requirement for vernalization exists in many plant species and this influences life history strategy with plants requiring vernalization adopting a perennial, biennial or winter annual habit in contrast to summer annuals, which flower in the first growing season.
UK winter cultivar 'Zion 19' requiring vernalization was given cold temperatures of 5 °C and 8 h light, for 6 weeks beginning 1 December 2005.
Since rice does not require vernalization for flowering, this clade has been suggested to be lost in rice [ 19].
In wheat, winter cultivars require vernalization to initiate flowering, making vernalization requirement a trait of key importance in wheat agronomy.
Different from A. thaliana, soybean does not require vernalization to induce flowering.
Bd3-1 and Bd21-1 originate from Iraq and are spring genotypes that do not require vernalization to induce flowering.
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