Reverse-parking with the roof down requires judgement and some guesswork if the optional parking sensors aren't present, because the folded hood adds height to the already high tail.
If 'science and values interact dynamically in the process of risk analysis, even at early stages when risks are first being assessed' [13], then scientific uncertainty requires judgement calls to be made, which will inevitably reflect the values of those making the calls.
The technical method is pristine, but the degree to which the findings might apply to the atypical patient (e.g. with multi-morbidity or complex circumstances) and/or the atypical service setting (e.g. the hospital without a rapid-access chest pain clinic or the general practice whose ECG machine is broken) requires judgements that the science does not supply [ 8 ].
An alternative method is the utility or time-trade-off approach, which typically requires judgements such as whether the individual would be willing to sacrifice a certain number of years of their life in 'exchange' for good vision: four papers included such a method.
When traditional print cartographers are faced with questionable borders, they have a number of options, all of which require judgement from the mapmaker.
These methods can be carried forward to the analysis of medical decision making, as medical decisions require judgement under uncertainty.
While drafting policy is not quantitative, qualitative, empirical or systematic, it does nevertheless require judgement and an in-depth understanding of past and current approaches and controversies.
Both the CMA and NICE guidelines adopted systems that required judgement about the quality of the RCT and the strength of its findings rather than a system that graded recommendations solely upon research design.
One is that, compared to systematic reviews, realist reviews are harder to reproduce, as selecting papers and following candidate theories require judgement, often based on a mixture of experience, intuition and prudence, to identify those with greatest relevance.
While lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) particularly impair recognition memory requiring judgement about recency and object location (Hannesson et al., 2004), there is also an evidence that prefrontal mechanisms contribute to NOR based simply on object identity in rats.
This model focuses on the actual decision made in relation to a well-defined task requiring judgement and on how the judges (i.e. the GDPs) use the available information – "cues" (i.e. medical condition and dental procedure) – to reach that decision [ 15].
