Novartis had had little interest in registering it here because the market is so small and the food and drug agency's requirements are expensive — even when the application fee, more than $1 million for a new drug, is waived, as it was for Coartem.
In December, a federal appeals court ruled that electronic cigarettes should be regulated as tobacco products by the F.D.A. rather than as drug-delivery devices, which have more stringent requirements like expensive clinical trials to prove the products are safe and effective as an aid to stop smoking.
Turbo product codes (TPCs) are an attractive solution to improve link budgets and reduce systems costs by relaxing the requirements on expensive optical devices in high capacity optical transport systems.
However, MLA is costly (requirements of expensive animal facilities) and time consuming (up to 4 days), and most important, it involves in the ethical problems for the use of live animals [9, 10].
However, the resulting tendency to out-of-plane distortion exacts severe design and fabrication penalties in terms of poorer buckling performance, lack of fairness in external appearance, poor fit-up and frequent requirements for expensive rework.
In contrast to the first and second generations of FEC codes for optical communications, which are based on Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and the concatenated codes with hard-decision decoding, the third generation FEC codes with soft-decision decoding are attractive to reduce costs by relaxing the requirements on expensive optical devices in high-capacity systems.
The remoteness, the extreme cold, and the threat from ice floes crushing equipment pile more costs on top of those imposed by restrictions on drilling during hunting and breeding seasons and requirements for expensive emergency equipment to be on standby.
For such reasons, WtE plants have faced requirements for expensive abatement measures.
First, conventional 'hardware' notions of infrastructure arguably favour biomedical requirements for expensive instrumentation and technology; multidisciplinary health research centres incorporating social science perspectives may not call for comparable physical inputs.
As requirements for expensive engineering controls have been implemented, economies of scale have led to a decline in the number of active solid waste disposal sites along with an increase in their average size (U.S. EPA 2002).
Although PCR has been shown to be a powerful and sensitive tool in detection of Y. ruckeri, its requirements for expensive equipments, a precision thermocycler and laboratory training limit its use in the field as a routine diagnostic tool.
