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To ensure that the whole microcapsule had been compressed, a force larger than that required to collapse the microcapsule was used, producing a loading curve with two slopes.
The number of extra steps required to collapse each clade was also calculated as described by Bremer [47].
When one does not know how rare variants affect disease, and is hesitant to make the strong assumptions required to collapse them together, the completely agnostic step-up approach presented here may be the most appropriate.
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An appropriate ultrasonic energy is required to induce collapsing gas bubbles with high temperature (in excess of 4,000 K) [22, 23].
This point may reflect the reexpansion of atelectatic parenchyma and has been considered to indicate the minimal pressure required to recruit collapsed alveoli, as setting the PEEP level according to this point has been shown to improve oxygenation of ARDS patients [44, 45].
Mean TOP increased from average 21.2-37.4 cmH 2 O to 30.4-55.2 cmH 2 O between healthy and ARDS subjects, reflecting the higher pressure required to recruit collapsed alveoli.
This point may reflect the reexpansion of atelectatic parenchyma and has been considered to indicate the minimal pressure required to recruit collapsed alveoli, as setting the PEEP level according to this point has been shown to improve oxygenation of ARDS patients [ 44, 45].
The CMW required to prevent collapse gradually increases with time under the WBM condition, but decreases under the OBM condition.
In practice, this load is very important for crashworthiness design that gives an indication of the force required to initiate collapse and hence begin the energy absorption process.
The present model can be used to analyze the pore pressure, water content and shale strength profiles, simulate the FZs around the wellbore, calculate the CMW required to prevent collapse, optimize the mud weight and the well path.
Upper bounds on the loads required to resist collapse are derived and presented in the form of dimensionless stability graphs that account for the variation of shear strength with depth, the embedded depth of tunnels, and spacing between tunnels.
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