However, adaptation of a visual neuron to a certain stimulus parameter, here a (changed) level of mean luminance, cannot be instantaneous, as it necessarily requires sampling over time to determine the (new) value of that parameter.
Our results indicate that continuous CTC-counts as a predictive marker require sampling at multiple time points over a period of up to 12 weeks.
More detailed data on the effects of nanomaterials on microbial nitrification activity in the soil were outside the scope of this investigation, and would require additional sampling time points that are not currently mandated for the testing of non-agrochemicals.
In other words, 93% of the geographic differences in gene expression were timepoint dependent, which strongly suggests that a comprehensive description of geographic differentiation in D. melanogaster transcript abundance may require sampling that accounts for circadian time.
Unfortunately, it generally requires sampling the operator very many times at a significant cost, especially when the model is expensive to evaluate.
Longitudinal strategies require samples at multiple time points spanning the clonal tumor evolution process (Fearon and Vogelstein, 1990; Campbell et al., 2010; Ding et al., 2010; Notta et al., 2011; Gerlinger et al., 2012; Turajlic et al., 2012; Landau et al., 2013).
On the other side, sampling with high precision requires long sampling times (Mann and Klemm, 2011).
Since MCMC estimation for the state vector is required at every sampling time point when the new observations are available, historical data set could be huge.
