Approximately 35% of the pixels in our study area required proxy values, either as a result of missing data or our noise detection approach.
We excluded 531 AHEAD participants who required proxy respondents at the baseline interview and who did not complete cognitive and psychosocial protocols that measured risk factors included in our analysis.
The 530 AHEAD participants who required proxy respondents at the baseline interview also were excluded because they did not complete cognitive and psychosocial protocols that measured risk factors included in our analysis.
For example, in its investigation of critical care trials, the Office for Human Research Protections OHRPP) found that most IRBs failed to require additional safeguards beyond that of requiring proxy consent [11].
Adolescents may be able to value their own health, while school-age, preschool, and infants will require proxy respondents.
For example, in its investigation of critical care trials, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) found that most IRBs failed to require additional safeguards beyond that of requiring proxy consent [ 11].
While many environmental exposures have valid and reliable biomarkers (e.g., ionizing radiation, persistent organochlorine pollutants), others have no available 'biomarkers' requiring proxy exposure assessments (e.g., poverty, physical activity), which may be subject to measurement error.
Alternatively, utilities can be measured directly using methods such as time-tradeoff and standard gamble, although the methodologic issues related to using those techniques in children and adolescents bear careful consideration and would require proxy respondents for children younger than 12 years old [ 36].
Exclusion criteria were indwelling or intermittent catheterization, mobility limited to wheelchair or bed-bound; unable to independently consent to participate due to pre-existing assessment of incapacity requiring proxy consent, usually related to dementia, or whom the referring clinicians questioned ability to be able to report symptoms.
Both the United States federal regulations [7] and the European Directive [8, 9] require proxies who give consent for subjects' participation in research to be legally authorized under applicable law to provide such consent.
Assessing the potential of marine organisms to adapt genetically to increasing oceanic CO2 levels requires proxies such as heritability of fitness-related traits under ocean acidification (OA).
