Corker said he would be "concerned" if the final bill "contained language that would require preference for European companies over U.S. companies".
Michigan's was just signed into law this year, while Arizona and Utah require preference to be given to a "married man and woman" for foster and adoptive placements.
Health economists require preference based utility measures for calculating QALYs.
Sometimes rational choice theorists require preferences to be rational; preferences are assumed to be complete and transitive.
Section 3.4 discusses an example where expected utility theory requires preferences that seem rationally forbidden a challenge to both the necessity and the sufficiency of expected utility for rationality as well as examples where expected utility fails to yield any usable verdict at all.
In contrast, the preference-based methods require preferences in advance from the DM and then find a satisfactory solution.
In my models, competitive costs are not an insurmountable obstacle; although multiple preferences fail to alleviate competition, they don't appear to be significantly more costly than a single preference, and in fact serve to increase indirect selection on preferences (see Figure 1; the minimum α required for preference evolution is lower for multiple preferences).
Nevertheless, a tuning procedure is required, since preference articulation parameters in desirability algorithm are unknown a priori.
Desmet et al. (2011) argue that the breakup of the ex-Yugoslavia would not have happened for economic reasons alone and required a preference for cultural homogeneity.
The required mating preference (or spawning success) for growth enhanced genotypes to invade might change when the alternative mating strategies of the salmon are taken into account.
Multiple preferences evolve but require stronger preference strengths (i.e. greater α) to reach fixation than preferences evolving in the absence of costly competition.
