In order to reduce the voltage fluctuation at the junction point, the battery should be switched to the required operating mode depending on the DC voltage, as shown in Fig. 6.
In Section 3, we find the operating clock frequency that satisfies the throughput requirement of CMMB and generate the supply voltage for the required operating clock frequency.
For example, if the maximum clock speed generated by the supply voltage is lower than the required operating clock frequency, a timing violation may occur.
SiPMs having a small physical profile and a negligible electronic noise, offering high gain, and requiring low operating voltage offer several advantages over previously used technologies such as photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photodiodes (APDs) [13, 14].
As a consequence of the lack of order, LB films of OC1OC18-PPV exhibit lower photoconductivity and require higher operating voltage in a polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) in comparison with LB films of OC1OC6-PPV.
In addition, the implementation of protection has to restrain the transient voltage and requires operating the devices in a coordinated way.
In contrast to conventional electrothermal ignition techniques that typically require high operating voltages, the combustion of a paper substrate with a relatively low ignition point generates high thermal energy instantaneously, which makes it possible to ignite nEMs even at low voltages as low as ∼1 V.
The detection of such low light levels can be done by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) since they feature high internal gains, but PMTs are bulky, heavy and require high operating voltages, and are hence not suitable for miniaturized and/or wearable fNIRS instruments.
The gold-foil-modified actuators exhibited high frequency response and required remarkably low operating voltage (as low as ±0.25 V).
For example, the EC of the film is typically several kilovolts per centimeter, which requires a high operating voltage to reverse the polarization.
